Publication date: 15th December 2025
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are one of the most promising emerging technologies in the field of photovoltaic devices, achieving competitive efficiencies of 27% for lab-scale cells.[1] To facilitate their transition to industrial production, low-cost and solution-based methods are preferred as a fabrication route.[2] However, this route relies on the use of toxic solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in dissolving the perovskite precursors or chlorobenzene (CB) as an antisolvent to aid the crystallization of the perovskite thin film. Both have been found to pose risks to human health and environmental safety.[3] As such, this has become one of the major barriers in the scale-up of PSCs.[4] It is therefore necessary to identify green and sustainable solvent alternatives to advance the development of PSCs on the industrial scale. While the PV community has started to explore potential solvents, there remains substantial room for understanding how green solvents affect the different process steps during fabrication and the performance of the device.[5] This would provide more insight into the stable, reproducible, and scalable “wet” processing methods compatible with the industry.
In this work, we have investigated different ways of introducing green solvents in the different processing stages of PSCs fabrication. We aim to present our latest results, as well as the associated challenges affecting the processability of lead perovskites solar cells using non-toxic solvents.
C. M. and N. P. acknowledges the grant RYC2023-042595-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “FSE+”, and the project PID2022-142182OA-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by FEDER, UE. All the authors acknowledge the grant CEX2023-001286-S funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. The work has been performed by the ICTS “NANBIOSIS”, more specifically by the UNIT 9 of the CIBER in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN).
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