Publication date: 15th December 2025
Low-band-gap metal halide perovskites based on mixed tin-lead (Sn-Pb) metal ions offer an interesting and more sustainable alternative to their pure lead counterparts[1]. However, the existence of Sn2+ ions may compromise their operational stability due to their susceptibility to oxidation, which results in p-type self-doping that hinders an efficient charge transfer process. To overcome this issue, we employ the novel terthiophene-based additive 3ThDMA into the perovskite precursor solution, which serves as a bulk defect passivator, and compare it to the non-conjugated diamine salt of EDAI2, which is a widely-utilized defect passivation additive. An improvement of the efficiency of Sn-Pb-based solar cells with 50:50 Sn:Pb ratio in p-i-n architecture (glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Cs0.1MA0.3FA0.6Sn0.5Pb0.5I3/C60/BCP/Ag) to 17.1% is observed when 0.4 mol% of 3ThDMA is added into the perovskite solution, whereas adding EDAI2 to the perovskite precursor solution only results in cells with efficiencies up to 14.9%. Further improvement in efficiency of 3ThDMA-based cells to 18.0% is observed after 17 hours of storage in a nitrogen-filled glovebox, and the solar cells maintain an average efficiency of 17.2% after 71 hours of storage. This improvement in performance may be attributed to the conjugated thiophene rings, which can significantly reduce trap densities at the perovskite surface and grain boundaries and also provide an efficient pathway for the charge carriers[2,3]. However, further increasing the concentration of 3ThDMA slightly reduces the solar cell performance. The 3ThDMA-based solar cells excel in air stability and retain over 40% of their intial efficiency after 140 hours of storage, in contrast to the EDAI2-based cells, which only maintain 20% under the same exposure conditions.
This work is supported by an Ernst-Mach Grant of the OeAD and funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101084422 (SUNREY). Special thanks to the members of the Trimmel group for supporting and providing ideas for this study.
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