Publication date: 15th December 2025
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) require advanced anode materials with improved capacity, rate capability, and long-term stability to meet the growing demand for portable electronics and electric vehicles. Transition-metal titanates have attracted considerable attention due to their structural stability and the presence of multiple redox couples that enable efficient lithium storage. In this work [1], tin-substituted iron titanate (Fe2Ti1-xSnxO5) was synthesized through a conventional solid-state reaction route to investigate the effect of Sn incorporation on the structural and electrochemical properties of Fe2TiO5 anodes.
Structural characterization confirms the successful substitution of Sn⁴⁺ into the Fe₂TiO₅ lattice, leading to lattice expansion, improved electronic conductivity, and enhanced lithium-ion diffusion. The optimized Fe2Ti0.85Sn0.15O5 electrode exhibits significantly improved electrochemical performance compared with pristine Fe₂TiO₅. Electrochemical measurements reveal a reversible discharge capacity of 402.4 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g⁻¹, while maintaining 342.0 mAh g⁻¹ at a high current density of 5 A g⁻¹, demonstrating excellent rate capability and cycling stability.
The improved electrochemical performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of lattice modification, enhanced electronic conductivity, and improved Li⁺ diffusion kinetics induced by Sn substitution. These findings highlight Sn-doped Fe2TiO5 as a promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
The authors acknowledge the support from the National Centre for Physics (NCP), Islamabad, Pakistan, which provided research facilities for the experimental work and materials characterization related to this study. Moreover, both the Icelandic Research Fund (Grant number: 2511333) and the BATTSi project (NPA0800227) support the development of alternative and sustainable electrode materials for future energy storage systems.
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