Publication date: 15th December 2025
Battery lifetime and safety are governed by the coupling between electrochemical degradation and thermal dynamics. As lithium-ion batteries are pushed toward higher energy density, faster charging, and longer service life, degradation processes, gas evolution, and heat generation increasingly interact in nonlinear ways that ultimately define lifetime limits and safety margins.
This talk presents a multiscale mechanistic perspective on battery degradation and safety that bridges electrochemical interfacial kinetics, morphological evolution, gas-phase reactions, and thermal behaviour. The first part focuses on gas dynamics and swelling phenomena arising from long-term electrochemical ageing. I will discuss how electrolyte decomposition and interfacial instability generate gaseous species that accumulate within the cell, leading to abnormal swelling and internal pressure build-up. Under high-power and long-life operation, these processes can trigger electro-thermal self-acceleration and introduce latent safety risks that are not apparent from early-life behaviour, with important implications for end-of-life and second-life applications.
Building on this mechanistic understanding, the second part examines thermal safety and mitigation strategies at the module and system level. I will discuss how degradation-induced heat generation interacts with cell-level gas dynamics and thermal transport, and how this coupling can escalate into thermal hazards. Finally, I will introduce mitigation strategies based on phase-change-material-enabled thermal management and environmental control approaches that enhance heat dissipation and delay failure propagation.
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