Proceedings of September Meeting 2016 (NFM16)
Publication date: 14th June 2016
A dramatic increase in photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of solution processable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) from 3.9% to ~22% in merely six years since their inception has been remarkably surprising. In a typical design, a thin layer of halide perovskite is deposited between an electron and a hole selective contact (ESC/HSC) thereby creating two interfaces – i.e., ESC/perovskite and perovskite/HSC interface. Whether an ESC or a HSC is deposited upon the substrate makes the PSCs n-type of p-type, respectively. Similarly, the choice of a flat ESC or a mesoporous one which may employ an underneath flat layer and a selection of a conducting or an insulating scaffold primarily determine the device operation, making it a flat (planar) or a mesoporous PSC, and mesoporous or meso-superstructured PSC, respectively. Likewise the ESC which is typically either an inorganic metal oxide semiconducting layer of low electron mobility (μe ~1×10-7 cm2/Vs) but high stability or an organic layer of high μe (~1×10-2 –2×10-1 cm2/Vs) but lesser stability, the choice for HSC also extends to organic and inorganic counterparts such as NiO or PEDOT:PSS. Although high PCE >16 –20% is typically obtained for thee various device architectures, the operational stability, mechanism of charge separation, photovoltaic operation and the drop in power output under an electric field of light (hysteresis) largely depends on the nature of interfacing contact.
We investigated the role of ESC/perovskite interface and found that, at the similar experimental conditions, three types of ESC (flat, mesoporous employing nanoparticles, NPs and nanorods, NRs) not only show different photovoltaic performance but also, more importantly, different operational stability. We observe that a flat or NP ESC tends to react with perovskite layer leading to ion migration across the interface whereas the NRs avoids it, probably owing to their crystallinity and also due to the fact that the rutile NRs are thermodynamically more stable than their counterpart anatase NPs.
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