Publication date: 1st April 2013
Mesoporous ceramics and semiconductors enable low-cost solar power, solar fuel, (photo)catalyst and electrical energy storage technologies.1 State-of-the-art, printable high-surface-area electrodes are fabricated from thermally sintered pre-formed nanocrystals.2,3,4,5 Mesoporosity provides the desired, highly accessible surfaces but many applications also demand long-range electronic connectivity and structural coherence.6 A mesoporous single-crystal (MSC) semiconductor can meet both criteria. We show that both isolated MSCs and ensembles incorporated into films have substantially higher conductivities and electron mobilities than nanocrystalline TiO2. Another advantage of this material is the facile tuning of the pore size. As such, the use of this material as a mesostructured electrode is particularly attractive in the case of the semiconductor sensitised solar cells (SSC), as it would combine faster electron transport with tuneable pore size. Conventional nanocrystals, unlike MSCs, require in-film thermal sintering to reinforce electronic contact between particles, thus increasing fabrication cost, limiting the use of flexible substrates and precluding, for instance, multijunction solar cell processing. Using MSC films processed entirely below 150 °C, we have fabricated all-solid-state, low-temperature, perovskite sensitized solar cells, yielding a power conversion efficiency of 7.3%, a short-circuit current of 12.86 mA cm−2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.79 V and a fill factor of 0.70
Weickert, J., Dunbar, R. B., Hesse, H. C., Wiedemann, W. & Schmidt-Mende, L. Nanostructured organic and hybrid solar cells. Adv. Mater., 2011, 23, 1810–1828. Yella, A.; Lee, H.-W.; Tsao, H. N.; Yi, C.; Chandiran, A. K.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Diau, E. W.-G.; Yeh, C.-Y.; Zakeeruddin, S. M.; Grätzel, M. Science 2011, 334, 629. O'Regan, B. & Grätzel, M. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2. Nature 1991, 353, 737–740. Grätzel, M. Photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 2001, 414, 338–344. Lee, M. M.; Teuscher, J.; Miyasaka, T;, Murakami, T. N.; Snaith, H. J. Efficient hybrid solar cells based on meso-superstructured organometal halide perovskites. Science 2012, 338, 643–647. Docampo, P.; Guldin, S.; Steiner, U.; Snaith, H. J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2013, 4, 698
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