Publication date: 15th May 2025
Metal oxide nanocrystals doped with a few percent of aliovalent dopants become electronically conducting and support strong light-matter interactions in the infrared due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). At the same time, they remain wide bandgap semiconductors, so they are transparent to visible light, offering unique spectrally selective opportunities to control light. In nanocrystals of the prototypical material tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), for example, the strength and spectrum of light absorption are tunable across the mid- and near-infrared by varying the amount of tin incorporated during synthesis and the nanocrystal size and shape. These nanocrystals are ideal building blocks for optical metamaterials, where the spectra of the components and the nature of the coupling between them determine the effective optical response. We build photonic materials by assembling superlattices of ITO nanocrystals layer-by-layer and integrating them with thin films of metals and dielectric materials. The resulting cavity-coupled plasmonic metamaterials provide unparalleled control over infrared reflectance and absorption. For example, we show that photonically integrated single monolayers of ITO nanocrystals can act as spectrally tunable infrared perfect absorbers. Adding nanocrystal layers of variable composition expands the design space, with opportunities for multi-resonant structures and ultrathin optics.
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