Ambient-processed efficient and stable printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells
Yaoguang Rong a, Yue Hu a, Xiaomeng Hou a, Mi Xu a, Hongwei Han a
a Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Michael Grazel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430072, China
International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics
Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV18)
Benidorm, Spain, 2018 May 28th - 31st
Organizers: Emilio Palomares and Rene Janssen
Poster, Yaoguang Rong, 007
Publication date: 21st February 2018

Mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have captured intensive attention in the field of energy conversion due to the advantages of low material cost, simple fabrication process and high power conversion efficiency. Benefiting from the optimization of perovskite absorber deposition approaches, the design of new material systems, and the diversity of device concepts, the efficiency of PSCs have increased from 2.19% in 2006 to a certified 22.7% in 2017. Such extremely fast increasing efficiency enables this photovoltaic technology challenge the current commercialized solar cells. However, typical perovskites of methylammonium lead halides (CH3NH3PbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) are usually sensitive to moisture in ambient air, and thus require an inert atmosphere to process. We demonstrate a moisture-induced transformation of perovskite crystals in a triple-layer scaffold of TiO2/ZrO2/Carbon to fabricate printable PSCs. An additive of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is employed to assist the crystallization of perovskite, wherein the formation and transition of intermediate CH3NH3X-NH4PbX3(H2O)2 (X = I or Cl) enables high-quality perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 crystals with preferential growth orientation. Correspondingly, the intrinsic perovskite devices based on CH3NH3PbI3 achieve an efficiency of 15.6% and a lifetime of over 130 days in ambient condition with 30% relative humidity. This ambient-processed printable PSC provides a promising prospect for mass-production, and will promote the development of perovskite-based photovoltaics. Besides fundamental research, we are also interest in scaling up PSCs for future applications. Based on screen-printing techniques and  triple layer device architecture of TiO2/ZrO2/Carbon, we successfully enlarged the lab cells (1.0-2.0 cm2) to modules (~100 cm2), and then to panels (~3600 cm2). At the same time, stability tests under various conditions, such as continous illumination, high-temperature, and outdoor condition, have been performed according to the requirements of traditional silicon solar cells and thin-film solar cells. The results are quite promising and encouraging, but more relevant accelerated testing procedures are urgently required for evaluating and predicting the lifetime of PSCs.

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