Publication date: 8th January 2019
In efficient perovskite solar cells, the perovskite thin-film absorber is sandwiched in between charge selective transport layers, which ensure rectification and avoid non-radiative charge recombination. Their conductivity is commonly enhanced by doping in order to form ohmic contacts to the external electrodes, enhancing the solar cell fill factor. In vacuum deposited solar cells, this is realized by simultaneous co-sublimation of an organic semiconductors and the corresponding molecular dopant. One drawback of the use of doped charge transport layers is their detrimental effect on the device lifetime, as most dopants are very sensitive to moisture and oxygen. In this work we discuss simple alternatives for doped organic contacts in highly efficient vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells. We studied the performance of n-i-p solar cells based on methylammonium lead iodide using very thin-films (<10 nm) of ionic and neutral materials as interlayer between the front transparent conductor and the electron transport layer. We studied different interlayers which can be processed either by solution- or vacuum-deposition. Key to the efficient electron extraction is the reduction of the electrode work function, in order to decrease the energy barrier between the electrode and the electron transport layer. This can be achieved by using ionic materials, which introduce dipoles at the electrode interface, or by selection of molecular materials with small ionization potential. We demonstrate perovskite solar cells with 18% efficiency and without hysteresis, and present initial stability studies demonstrating the potential of our approach.
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