Publication date: 4th October 2024
Hybrid chemical vapor deposition (HCVD) is a promising strategy for the up-scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells/modules (PSCs/PSMs). However, the efficiency of HCVD-based perovskite devices still lags behind the solution-processed PSCs/PSMs. In this work, we reveal the oxygen loss of the electron transport layer of SnO2 in the HCVD process and its negative impact on solar cell device performance. As the counter-measure, we introduce potassium sulfamate (H2KNO3S) as passivation layer to both mitigate the oxygen loss issue of SnO2 and passivate the uncoordinated Pb2+ in the perovskite film. In parallel, we used N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent to dissolve PbI2 by forming the intermediate phase of PbI2•NMP, which can greatly lower the energy barrier for perovskite nucleation in the HCVD process. The perovskite seed is employed to further modulate the kinetics of perovskite crystal growth and improve the grain size. The resultant devices yield a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.47% (0.09 cm2), and the PCEs of the mini-modules are 16.16% (22.4 cm2, active area PCE of 17.15%) and 12.12% (91.8 cm2, active area PCE of 12.89%). Importantly, the unencapsulated small area device shows an outstanding operational stability with a T80 lifetime exceeding 4000 hours.
This work was supported by funding from the Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, the OIST R & D Cluster Research Program, the OIST Proof of Concept (POC) Program, JST A-STEP Grant Number JPMJTM20HS, and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21F21754. The authors thank the OIST Micro/Nanofabrication Section and Imaging Section for the support. G.T. thanks the research startup grant by Hefei University of Technology, Anhui innovation and entrepreneurship support plan for Returned Overseas Students (no. 2022LCX018)
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