Publication date: 5th November 2025
The growing demand for scalable fabrication of high-efficiency organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells and modules is becoming increasingly evident, particularly in the context of indoor applications. Indoor organic photovoltaics (IOPV) represent a promising energy harvesting solution for powering Internet of Things (IoT) devices, owing to their flexibility, reliability, and high power density under low-light conditions. With billions of IoT devices expected to be deployed in the coming years—many of which will operate within indoor environments—there is a critical need for custom-designed, conformable photovoltaic systems that can adapt to the diverse form factors of devices such as environmental sensors, smart tags, and health monitors.
In this context, inkjet printing has emerged as a particularly attractive technique for the scalable production of flexible OPV cells and modules. This digital, additive manufacturing method enables precise material deposition, minimal waste, and unprecedented freedom in design and geometry, making it ideal for producing PV devices tailored to a wide range of shapes and applications.
Here, we address the key challenge of translating laboratory-scale processes into industrial-scale manufacturing for the realization of fully inkjet-printed, high-efficiency IOPV cells and modules. To highlight the unique advantages of inkjet printing, we demonstrate custom-shaped OPV modules integrated into various IoT devices, enabling autonomous operation without the need for batteries or connection to the electrical grid. This work underlines the potential of inkjet-printed IOPVs as a viable power source for the next generation of smart, connected indoor devices.
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