Publication date: 5th November 2025
Hybrid tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskite solar cells hold strong potential for single-junction and tandem applications owing to their tunable bandgap and extended near-infrared absorption. However, their performance remains limited by interfacial recombination, uncontrolled crystallization, and inefficient charge transport. In this work, we propose an integrated strategy that concurrently addresses these challenges through interfacial engineering, hole transport layer optimization, and crystallization control. First, PEDOT:PSS is dedoped with sodium hydroxide, which effectively lowers its carrier concentration and mitigates interfacial recombination losses [1]. Texturing PEDOT:PSS enhances light scattering and minimizes optical reflection, further improving photocurrent generation [2]. Second, tailored PTAA derivatives are introduced as hole transport layers to fine-tune energy level alignment and promote efficient hole extraction[3]. Finally, chaotropic additives such as GaSCN are utilized to regulate nucleation kinetics, yielding uniform, defect-suppressed films in narrow-bandgap, lead-lean perovskites [4]. As a result, the optimized devices achieve open-circuit voltages exceeding 0.9 V, short-circuit current densities above 32 mA cm-2, and power conversion efficiencies over 22%, together with improved operational stability. Mechanistic insights from in situ photoluminescence, transient optoelectronic, and morphological analyses reveal how the combination of interface and growth control enhances charge extraction and suppresses nonradiative recombination.
C.-T. L. thanks the National Science and Technology Council (113-2628-E-005 -001 -, 113-2218-E-007 -012 -, 114-2628-E-005 -001 -), and Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan.
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