Publication date: 5th November 2025
Organic solar cells (OPVs) require at least one transparent electrode. The most commonly used transparent electrode is Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) due to its high optical transparency and electrical conductivity as well as chemical resistance. However, ITO is brittle and susceptible to cracking when being bent. Additionally, ITO is incompatible with roll-to-roll processing techniques. Since our goal is to fabricate OPVs on flexible and large-scale wood-based substrates, it is necessary to find an alternative transparent electrode. We have successfully demonstrated an ITO-free OPV on glass and PET with a semi-transparent silver thin film electrode through physical vapor deposition. ZnO nanoparticles were deposited before and after evaporation via spin coating, to modify the optical properties of the silver and function as the electron transport layer (ETL). The OPVs show good open-circuit voltage and fill factor, although the short-circuit current decreases due to the semi-transparent nature of the Ag thin film bottom electrode. Current progress is being made in reproducing the technique on cellulose nanofiber sheets, transparent wood and bacterial cellulose substrates.
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