Interfacial Engineering for High-Yield Flexible Perovskite Solar Modules

Chang-Le Liu^a, Jia-You Ho^b, Hou-Chin Cha^c^,^d, Chih-Chien Lee^e, Shun-Wei Liu^c^,^d, Yu-Ching Huang^d^,^f

^aDepartment of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan

^bDepartment of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan

^cCollege of Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan

^dOrganic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan

^eDepartment of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan

^fDepartment of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan

Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics (IPEROP27)

Fukuoka, Japan, 2027 January 18th - 20th

Organizers: Zhanglin Guo and Tingli Ma

Oral, Chang-Le Liu, presentation 030
Publication date: 22nd October 2026

Flexible perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs) are attractive for lightweight and conformable photovoltaic applications and are compatible with low-temperature, scalable manufacturing. However, translating high-performance small-area devices into flexible perovskite solar modules remains challenging, as interfacial non-uniformity can become increasingly pronounced during module fabrication. In particular, conventional small-molecule self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), such as 4PABCz, can result in non-uniform PbI₂ deposition near laser-scribed P1 regions, leading to localized dewetting, pinhole formation, and electrical shunting between adjacent sub-cells. These interfacial defects substantially reduce the reproducibility and manufacturing yield of flexible modules.

Here, we investigate interfacial engineering strategies to improve film uniformity and manufacturing reproducibility in flexible perovskite solar modules. Replacing 4PABCz with the polymeric hole-transport material Poly-2PACz improves the interfacial properties and promotes more uniform PbI₂ coverage, particularly around the P1 regions, thereby suppressing localized dewetting and pinhole formation. As a result, the module manufacturing yield increases from 61.40% to 78.95%. A champion 10-subcell flexible module with an active area of 8.4 cm² achieves a power conversion efficiency of 10.75%, with an open-circuit voltage of 8.83 V and a fill factor of 58.38%.

Further modification of the 4PABCz-based interface using molecular additives or co-assembled functional molecules enables additional control over interfacial properties and film formation while maintaining favorable photovoltaic characteristics. Through these interfacial engineering approaches, the module manufacturing yield can be further increased to 92%. These results demonstrate the critical role of interface control in achieving reproducible fabrication of flexible perovskite solar modules and provide an effective approach for improving manufacturing yield without compromising photovoltaic performance.

References:

[1] Pininti, A. R.; Subbiah, A. S.; Deger, C.; Yavuz, I.; Prasetio, A.; Dally, P.; Hnapovskyi, V.; Said, A. A.; Torres Merino, L. V.; Mannar, S.; Zhumagali, S.; Vishal, B.; Marengo, M.; Razzaq, A.; Babics, M.; Allen, T. G.; Aydin, E.; Azmi, R.; De Wolf, S. Resolving Scaling Issues in Self-Assembled Monolayer-Based Perovskite Solar Modules via Additive Engineering. Adv. Energy Mater. 2025, 15, 2403530.

[2] Liu, T.; Ren, Z.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liang, J.; Cheng, F.; Li, Y.; Shi, X.; Dou, Y.; Hu, X.; Wang, L.; Luo, S.; Wang, F.; Peng, X.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, W.; Cao, Y.; Gao, F.; Chen, S. Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules Enabled by a UV-Stable and High-Conductivity Hole Transport Material. Sci. Adv. 2025, 11, eadu3493.

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