Proceedings of Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics (IPEROP27)
Publication date: 22nd October 2026
Vacuum thermal evaporation of perovskite absorbers offers a solvent-free, substrate-independent route to conformal, thickness-controlled films on textured silicon. It is also directly compatible with the vacuum deposition infrastructure already established in silicon photovoltaic and display manufacturing, making it a promising candidate for scaling perovskite–silicon tandem production toward gigawatt levels [1-3]. For formamidinium-based absorbers, however, scale-up is limited by FAI, whose evaporation temperature sits close to its decomposition onset. Even at moderate rates, this narrow window leads to compositional drift and defective films. Raising the deposition rate for cost-competitive manufacturing only pushes the source closer to decomposition, so throughput is traded off against film quality.
To address both constraints, we introduce propylene urea (PU) as a hydrogen-bonding eutectic partner that lowers the effective melting/evaporation temperature of FAI [4]. Trace MACl retains its established role of suppressing FA⁺ deprotonation via a common-cation effect between MA⁺ and FA⁺. [5] In this work, FAI, PU, and MACl are combined into a single ternary source powder through co-dissolution and antisolvent co-precipitation, so that both additives are delivered together with FAI from one crucible. Together, the two additives target the thermodynamic (melting-point depression) and kinetic (decomposition suppression) origins of the narrow window, aiming to open up headroom for higher deposition rates without sacrificing film stoichiometry. Ternary powders were synthesized by ethanol-dissolution/diethyl-ether antisolvent co-precipitation across a PU and MACl composition matrix. In vacuum evaporation trials, the ternary powder enabled deposition rates up to 1.0 Å/s with high working-pressure stability compared to pure FAI, yielding films with pure α- phase by XRD. The PCE of the resulting PSCs exceeded 17% and was reproduced across several batches. These results show that the formulation widens the processing window for thermally evaporated FAI-based perovskites devices.
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