Proceedings of Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics (IPEROP27)
Publication date: 22nd October 2026
In triple-cation (Cs/FA/MA, CFM) perovskites, molecular additives have been used to control crystal growth and film morphology. Xanthine-based additives such as caffeine and theophylline can passivate defects through the interaction of their carbonyl (C=O) groups with Pb²⁺. In this work, we prepared CFM perovskite films with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), which has the same carbonyl groups as these additives but also carries a bulky isobutyl group, and observed a characteristic pattern on the film surface. Optical microscopy (OM) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis showed wrinkle structures that changed clearly with IBMX concentration (0–1 wt%). We therefore expected a relationship between surface morphology and additive concentration, and examined the surface and crystal properties using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). With increasing IBMX concentration, the wrinkles generally became more pronounced and more widely spaced. The root-mean-square roughness (Rq) reached a maximum of 226 nm at 0.75 wt%, compared with 36 nm for the film without IBMX. In contrast, grain size varied nonmonotonically with concentration, with the largest and smallest grains observed at 0.25 and 0.75 wt%, respectively. These results show that IBMX concentration influences surface wrinkling and grain size differently, highlighting its role in controlling the surface morphology of CFM perovskite films.
This research was supported by Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) grant funded by the Korea Government (Ministry of Education) (P0028101, Semiconductor Specialized University).
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