Proceedings of Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics (IPEROP27)
Publication date: 22nd October 2026
Scaling high-efficiency perovskite solar cells into large-area modules remains a significant challenge due to nonuniform crystallization, increased defect formation, and performance losses during fabrication. Conventional anti-solvent-based processing also presents limitations in scalability, reproducibility, and environmental sustainability. Here, we present a seed-primed, vacuum-assisted crystallization (S-VAC) strategy that enables uniform, highly crystalline perovskite films through controlled nucleation and directional crystal growth without the use of anti-solvents.
Our approach combines oleylamine (OAm)-induced α-phase nanocrystal seed formation in the precursor solution with rapid solvent evaporation under low-pressure vacuum conditions. Solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) reveal that OAm promotes the formation of uniformly distributed nanocrystal seeds (~1.7 nm) through molecular interactions with formamidinium cations and steric stabilization. Furthermore, in situ time-resolved grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) demonstrates that vacuum-assisted crystallization accelerates the formation of the photoactive α-phase while suppressing undesirable δ-phase formation. Complementary structural analyses, including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM), confirm the formation of highly ordered, vertically aligned, monolithic perovskite films with preferential (100) crystallographic orientation.
By implementing this strategy in inverted (p–i–n) perovskite photovoltaics, we achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.25% for 2.5×2.5 cm2 devices and a certified PCE of 19.1% for 15×15 cm2 mini-modules with an aperture area of 193.2 cm2. Furthermore, encapsulated mini-modules retained over 94% of their initial efficiency after 500 h of continuous indoor illumination and demonstrated stable outdoor operation for more than one year.
These findings establish S-VAC as a scalable, anti-solvent-free crystallization approach that integrates molecular-level nucleation control with large-area film uniformity, offering a promising pathway toward efficient, stable, and commercially viable perovskite solar modules.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) and the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) through the International Cooperative R&D Program (P0026100), Korea Electric Power Corporation (R22XO02-03, R21EA07), and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (NRF-2021R1A2C2010179, RS-2024-00436187, RS-2024-00406152). This research was also supported by the 2024 BK21 FOUR Program of Pusan National University.
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