Water-Regulated Cation Exchange Enables Conformal and Low-Defect SnO2 Electron Transport Layers for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Nayoon Kwon a, Jangwon Seo a
a Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, Korea, Republic of
Poster, Nayoon Kwon, 105
Publication date: 22nd October 2026

In conventional solution-based approaches, SnO2 film formation and chemical composition are intrinsically coupled during deposition, making it difficult to control film morphology and defect formation independently. Here, we introduce a cation-exchange strategy that decouples these processes into sequential steps. A pre-formed ZnO film first defines the thickness and substrate coverage, followed by solution-phase exchange that replaces Zn with Sn while largely preserving the original morphology, yielding an approximately 13 nm-thick cation-exchanged SnO2 (ce-SnO2) layer. We demonstrate that the water content of the exchange solution critically determines how SnO2 forms at the film interface. This controlled conversion improves the electronic and interfacial properties of SnO2, facilitating faster electron transfer and longer carrier lifetimes in the overlying perovskite. Consequently, perovskite solar cells incorporating the optimized ce-SnO2 achieve a power conversion efficiency of 25.38% and an open-circuit voltage of 1.201 V, exceeding 1.20 V without any additional passivation of the buried perovskite/SnO2 interface. Beyond SnO2, this sequential control of the initial oxide film and its chemical conversion provides a versatile solution-based platform for engineering metal-oxide charge transport layers in optoelectronic devices.

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