Proceedings of Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics (IPEROP27)
Publication date: 22nd October 2026
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted increasing attention from both academia and industry as a promising candidate for next-generation photovoltaics, including lightweight, flexible, and tandem applications. Their power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) have recently reached values comparable to those of crystalline Si solar cells. However, most high-efficiency PSCs are fabricated by solution processes, such as spin-coating for small-area devices and slot-die coating for large-area modules, which typically rely on high-boiling-point solvents such as DMF and DMSO. Residual solvents in perovskite films have been reported to accelerate device degradation, which remains a concern for long-term stability and industrial deployment. Vacuum deposition offers a solvent-free alternative that is compatible with uniform, large-area film formation and with existing thin-film manufacturing lines.
In this work, we fabricated semitransparent p-i-n PSCs based on CsxFA1-xPbI3, in which the perovskite layer was formed on a hole-transport layer (HTL) by sequential evaporation of the inorganic precursors followed by organic halide deposition. Spin-coated reference devices with the same nominal composition were fabricated on the same HTL. Our best vacuum-deposited device achieved a PCE of approximately 20%, approaching that of the best spin-coated device but still about 2% (absolute) lower. Under continuous 1-sun illumination at 85 °C in N2 under open-circuit conditions over several hundred hours, the vacuum-deposited devices showed markedly slower degradation than the spin-coated devices. These results suggest that solvent-free vacuum deposition of the perovskite layer can achieve efficiency approaching that of solution processing while improving stability under illumination at elevated temperature. This dry process thus offers a promising route toward the industrial-scale fabrication of durable PSCs.
