Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2024 Conference (MATSUS24)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsus.2024.189
Publication date: 18th December 2023
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) artificial leaves can lower the costs of sustainable solar fuel production by integrating light harvesting and catalysis within a compact panel.[1] However, most prototypes can only perform water splitting over a few hours on a cm2 scale, whereas conventional light absorbers limit solar-to-fuel efficiencies and product rates.[2,3] Here, we explore alternative routes to expand the performance and functionality of PEC devices, by designing integrated systems which benefit from unconventional materials and complementary energy harvesting. To this end, we first demonstrate the fabrication of lightweight artificial leaves by employing thin, flexible substrates and carbonaceous protection layers,[4,5] which are compatible with modern fabrication techniques.[6] These materials allow 100 cm2 perovskite-BiVO4 artificial leaves to float along River Cam (UK), showcasing the potential of floating solar fuel farms.[5] The same carbonaceous protection layers can be employed to increase the moisture stability of an underexplored BiOI photocathode from minutes to >500 h, whereas a pixelated design provides the additional photovoltage required for unassisted water and CO2 splitting.[7] Product rates can be significantly boosted by integrating PEC devices onto thermoelectric (TE) generators, which harvest waste heat from thermalisation and IR photons.[8,9] Accordingly, a Pt-TE-BiVO4 device can already yield unassisted water splitting under 2 sun irradiation, while the photocurrent of a Pt-perovskite-TE-Fe2O3 device is boosted 30-fold under 5 sun irradiation.[9] Further up-scaling of PEC systems towards m2 areas can be performed by taking advantage of the modularity of artificial leaves,[10] however, manual fabrication must be replaced by high-throughput techniques for large scale applications.[6]
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