Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2024 Conference (MATSUS24)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsus.2024.374
Publication date: 18th December 2023
The small area perovskite cell efficiency is already comparable to silicon solar cells, but the perovskite module efficiency is still behind that of silicon PV modules. To compete with silicon, the cell-to-module (CTM) efficiency derate must be reduced, and the stability of perovskite modules need to be improved dramatically improved as well. However, a lot of reported approaches donot always improve both efficiency and stability simultaneously. In my talk, I will present the considerations in upscaling of perovskite solar cells to modules by evaluating the upscalibility, efficiency, stability, and cost.
As one example of the approaches, I will present that the addition of lead chelation molecules (LCMs), including a broadly used electron transport material of bathocuproine (BCP), into HTL can surprisingly improve the perovskite solar cell efficiency, stability, and reproducibility. We identified that the defective bottom region of perovskites near hole transport layers (HTL) limit the performance of p-i-n structure perovskite solar cells. We found that BCP strongly interacts with lead ions by the chelation effect of phenanthroline group. The chelation product of BCP:Pb2+ is insoluble in perovskite ink, which kept BCP staying at the bottom interface rather than being washed away. BCP added in HTL reduces the amorphous region in perovskites near HTL by reducing trapped dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), because it competes with DMSO to react with lead ions. In addition, BCP is also found to passivate perovskite surfaces, and thus enhance the device efficiency. Intriguingly BCP improves the uniformity of perovskite films fabricated in ambient condition, resulting in a cell-to-module efficiency loss approaching theoretically limit. The minimodule with an aperture area of 26.9 cm2 has a record high efficiency of 21.8% (stabilized at 21.1%) certified by National Renewable Energy Laboratory. This module efficiency would need that the small area device efficiency throughout the module to be at least 24.6% (stabilized 24.1%). The minimodules also showed a record light soaking stability.
This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under the Solar Energy Technologies Office Award Number DE-EE0009520. The research in Perotech Inc is supported by Office of Naval Research under award N6833522C0122. The work at the University of Toledo was supported from the Center for Hybrid Organic Inorganic Semiconductors for Energy (CHOISE), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science within the U.S. Department of Energy. DFT calculations used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility located at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 using NERSC award BES-ERCAP0023945. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S.Department of Energy or the United States Government.
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