Introduction: Perovskite materials, particularly lead-free tin halide variants, hold significant potential for the development of efficient optoelectronic and electronic microsystems, including image sensors. These advancements can be achieved through accessible fabrication methods such as inkjet printing. Within our research, we have explored innovative avenues with 2D and 2D/3D tin halide perovskites, envisioning their transition into commercially viable products.

Materials & Methods: Throughout our investigations, we have synthesized and experimentally examined various perovskite and perovskite-like materials. Among these, our focus has centered on developing 2D/3D perovskite compounds such as (R_0.5,BA_0.5)₂FA₉Sn₁₀I₃₁, where R represents PEA, TEA, DIP cations. These compounds facilitate crystallization and stabilize the tin-perovskite phase, crucial for inkjet printing deposition techniques. Additionally, we explored FASnI₃ with additives and light soaking for spin-coated films, particularly optimizing vertical lasing structures. Furthermore, we investigated materials like PEA₂SnI₄ and TEA₂SnI₄ for applications in red-emitting LEDs and photonics, along with Cs₃Cu₂Cl₅ and Rb₃InCl₆:Sb for blue and green LEDs.

Results and Discussion: Significant progress has been made in photovoltaic devices, including achieving a world-record efficiency for flexible lead-free perovskite solar modules, demonstrating their suitability for indoor applications. This was made possible through the in-situ synthesis of SnI₂ from metallic tin and iodine in a DMF:DMSO solvent. Furthermore, in the realm of lead-free LEDs, we have developed the first inkjet-printed Pb-free perovskite LED emitting at red wavelengths, along with the first on a flexible substrate utilizing common DMF and sustainable DMSO solvents.

In photonics applications, notable advancements include observing ASE/lasing action and near single-mode operation in inkjet-printed films of 2D/3D G-LFPs, showcasing their comparable performance to devices implemented with 3D FASnI3 film deposited by spin-coating. Additionally, we have demonstrated the efficacy of 2D/3D G-LFPs in low-level light photodetection, with responsivity as high as 50 A/W measured after one month at 450 nm in encapsulated devices. Flexible photodetectors also exhibited similar performance. Finally, we have established efficient two-photon absorption mechanisms at room temperature in inkjet-printed films of 2D tin-perovskites (including TEA2SnI4), leading to effective photodetectors on glass and PET substrates with minimal dark currents.