Publication date: 21st July 2025
Co-evaporated perovskite holds multiple advantages in comparison to deposition via solution processes, such as conformal deposition on textured substrates and upscalability to large-area devices [1][2]. However, controlling the sublimation rates of organic precursors such as MAI or MACl remains challenging. Their low sticking coefficient on Quartz Crystal Microbalances and their purity-dependent sublimation behavior complicates the monitoring of depositions rates and affects the process reproducibility. This problem becomes especially critical when multiple organic precursor sources are used.
In this work we present a novel approach to sublime organic materials by pressing the precursor powder into a pellet. We observe that using a pellet leads to a lower material consumption as well as a lower pressure inside the chamber during the initial heating stage. Additionally, the pellet can incorporate multiple organic compounds, allowing the simultaneous sublimation of methylammonium iodide and chloride (MAI and MACl) without the requirement of an extra source. We use this pellet alongside a Pb(I1-xBrx)2 source to deposit a triple-halide MAPIBrCl perovskite with different amount of chloride, determined by the MACl proportion in the pellet. The inclusion of chloride in the perovskite lattice is confirmed by photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence measurements, in contraste with other reports where MACl helps the crystallization stage of the film but leaves during annealing. Adding chloride proves to be beneficial for the charge transport properties of the film, which translates to a higher fill factor in solar cells. As such, a champion power conversion efficiency of 19.5% was obtained for a 1.66 eV bandgap perovskite.
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