Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Expeditious record-breaking power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) reaching 28% is owed to the scientific mainstream devoted to understanding its intricate scaffold of designing the layers architecture.1The ease of processing and modifying the staked layers paves a pathway in realizing the targets of low-cost production, high efficiency, and better stability. Most fabrication processes require inert environments, complex deposition methods of chemical layers, and high temperature.2,3,4 Such conditions are majorly suitable for rigid substrates curbing the possibility to transfer the technology on a flexible base like polymeric substrates or thin metal foils. Flexible PSCs have its potential in the integration on curved surfaces and light weight enabling applications in wearable electronics, portable power sources, and building-integrated photovoltaics.5 In addition, replacement of hazardous and toxic solvents used in the fabrication processes is the need of the hour and address alternative solvents while reporting the device performance. This will positively impact in industrial production and commercialization advancements keeping in check the governmental regulations and legality of a country.6,7 Augmenting the panoramic research of PSCs, this work emphasizes major 4 key areas in fabricating a flexible PSC. Starting from fabricating outside inert environment in a range of conditions, reducing high temperature processing requirement, scaling up from small area to larger modules, and using more sustainable and eco-friendlier benign solvents in the entirety of the fabrication, this work realized power conversion efficiencies of more than 21.36% on rigid substrates and 19.11 % on flexible PET substrates. Moreover, scaling up with a blade coating deposition a mini module with PCE of 17.6% is achieved for the first time in a fully green fabrication process. A holistic pathway and minor changes essential in developing a fully green processed flexible perovskite solar cell are demonstrated in this work clearly marking the state-of-the-art in Industrial oriented PSCs research.
The authors heartily acknowledge financial support from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program "PEARL" under grant agreement no. 101122283.
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