Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Recent developments in aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have improved energy-level alignment and strengthened π–π stacking interactions, thereby facilitating more efficient charge transport in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, a significant limitation remains, i.e., the relatively large steric footprint of aromatic SAM molecules often results in loose molecular packing and an increased likelihood of nanoscale void formation. To address this challenge, we employ a co-adsorption strategy by incorporating a smaller aryl phosphonic acid into the aromatic SAM. Owing to its reduced size and compatible anchoring group, the introduced arylphosphonic acid effectively occupies the intermolecular voids between bulky aromatic units, resulting in a more compact, homogeneous, and void-free monolayer. The co-assembled structure preserves the favourable electronic properties of the aromatic SAM while enhancing surface coverage and interfacial uniformity, resulting in improved energy level alignment, as evidenced by AFM measurements, enhanced perovskite film growth observed from SEM analysis, and suppressed trap-assisted non-radiative recombination, confirmed by photoluminescence quantum yield measurements. Consequently, PSCs based on this co-adsorbed layer achieve a power conversion efficiency of 24.8%, along with a Voc of 1189mV, FF of 85% and Jsc of 24.5mAcm-2 on a 0.096 cm2 area device. Furthermore, the fabricated PSCs with this co-adsorbed SAM exhibit high operational stability, demonstrating that this strategy offers a versatile approach for optimizing aromatic SAMs interfaces for high-performance and stable inverted PSCs.
Keywords: Interface Engineering, Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells, Non-radiative Recombination, Self-Assembled Monolayers, Co-adsorption Strategy
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