Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Nanoparticle exsolution - the growth of metallic nanoparticles directly from an oxide support in which host cations have been substituted to some degree by cations of the active component(s), has demonstrated great promise in the preparation of heterogeneous catalyst materials, producing fine, well-distributed nanoparticle catalysts that are anchored in their oxide host, endowing them with excellent stability against deactivation. In this work, we take a systematic approach to studying the exsolution behaviour of ruthenium, iron and their bimetallic alloy from defect fluorite-type yttrium zirconate, a host structure type that has not been extensively employed in exsolution studies, but which presents a particularly interesting alternative host structure for exsolution, as defect fluorites exhibit a high intrinsic concentration of oxygen vacancies, which are well established to play an important role in exsolution. We combine both ambient pressure and vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, alongside electron microscopy, to probe how the electronic structure evolves as the reducing conditions are varied during exsolution, gaining valuable insight into the sequence of chemical state changes that take place in the initial stages of exsolution, and how the distribution of these states, and consequently, the extent of exsolution, depends on the conditions imposed during reduction.
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