Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Electrolysis-based technologies—such as water splitting, CO2 electroreduction, and other emerging reactions (e.g., reduction of reactive carbon and nitrogen species)—offer sustainable pathways to decarbonize major sectors including transport (fuels, e.g., green hydrogen), manufacturing (chemical feedstocks), and agriculture (sustainable fertilizers). These reactions depend on breaking chemical bonds and selectively reassembling molecules into desired products with high activity and selectivity. Their commercial viability, however, hinges on delivering strong performance across key metrics in scalable processes.
Conventionally, progress has been driven by innovation at the catalyst level—for example, designing materials with targeted physicochemical properties. This approach is challenging because catalysts can change substantially under operating conditions, which limits predictive catalyst design. Moreover, operating at high rates in industrially relevant settings shifts the chemical environment and reaction pathways, increasing the importance of the electrochemical environment.
In this highly dynamic context, I will present examples of how understanding and controlling reactants (e.g., water) and intermediates at catalyst interfaces can tune local physicochemical properties, and how this control can improve multiple performance metrics in high-current-density water electrolysis and CO2 electroreduction. I will conclude by presenting strategies to program catalyst reconstruction to address the full CO2R interface.
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