Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Tin-Lead (Sn-Pb) perovskite solar cells hold exponential expectations for high-efficiency single-junction and all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics. However, defects at the perovskite interfaces remain a critical bottleneck. Here we replace conventional PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer with carbazole-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), and introduce defect-specific diamine and diammonium top passivation. Using ethylenediamine (EDA) as the optimal passivant, we demonstrate an improved charge extraction and a suppressed non-radiative recombination at the top interface, with two different deposition methods (Spin and Dip). Consequently, a resulting power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.22% is achieved for the inverted MA-free Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells. In the inert atmosphere, the devices retain over 80% of their initial performance under continuous illumination after 180 hours, and above 90 % after 180 days shelf storage. This work establishes a robust interfacial strategy that addresses defect passivation, charge extraction, and long-term stability, paving the way for future Sn-Pb perovskite photovoltaics.
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