Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Dimensional heterojunction perovskites, characterized by the stacking of three-dimensional and low-dimensional (3D/LD) heterojunctions, have the potential to reduce interfacial recombination losses and enhance the structural stability of perovskite solar cells. However, performance variations due to fabrication techniques and ligand design remain a challenge. Specifically, the design of cation ligands and selection of anions can influence the quality, coverage, dimensionality, energy levels, and stability of LD perovskites. Our work aims to identify suitable ligand and anion combinations that enhance the stability and uniformity of LD layers in large-area modules. Additionally, our fabrication engineering, which employs a hybrid deposition method, can modulate the properties of LD perovskites. Consequently, inverted perovskite devices have achieved efficiencies exceeding 27% for small-area devices and over 21% for a 30 × 30 cm² module with an active area exceeding 700 cm². Our dimensional heterojunction strategy has also demonstrated stable perovskite devices with less than 5% relative efficiency loss under continuous 1-sun operation at 85°C for over 1000 h, equivalent to more than 10,000 h, by controlling the phase purity and ensuring strong ligand attachments in LD perovskites. Finally, we hope that our method will contribute to meeting the industrial stability criteria for perovskite photovoltaic modules.
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