Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Halide perovskites are promising semiconductors for photovoltaics and other optoelectronic technologies, but their acute moisture sensitivity remains a major barrier to long-term operational stability. The earliest stages of water-induced degradation are especially difficult to resolve as they are confined to ultrathin surface layers and often produce disordered phases that evade diffraction-based structural probes. Here I'll discuss how we have exposed lead halide perovskites suitable for state-of-the-art perovskite photovoltaics and LEDs to 17O-enriched water vapor and used ultra-high-field solid-state 17O MAS NMR to identify the surface species formed during moisture-induced degradation. We find that water does not simply adsorb as isolated molecules but instead forms liquid-like interfacial nanofilms that act as both solvents and reactive media. These nanofilms selectively leach ions from perovskite surfaces and direct composition-dependent degradation pathways leading to hydrate, hydroxyhalide, hydroxide and oxide phase formation. These findings establish reactive water nanofilms as the key intermediate in moisture-driven degradation, map how degradation products evolve across the lead halide perovskite compositional space and provide clear design rules for moisture-stable perovskite photovoltaics and LEDs.
