Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) have gained much attention due to their potential for building-integrated photovoltaics and agrivoltaics. Since in such multi-benefit applications not only power conversion efficiency, but also average transmittance is important to achieve a high light utilization efficiency (LUE), current research focuses mostly on very thin photoactive layers to achieve significant transparency. However, thin photoactive layers are generally regarded as a challenge for large-scale industrial production, whereas over 200 nm photoactive layers provide a more robust processing window for reproducible manufacturing. In this study, we propose a strategy to decouple film transparency from film thickness by introducing polystyrene (PS) as a transparent insulator filler into the photoactive layer of PTQ10-based bulk heterojunction ST-OSCs. With approximately one-third of the photoactive layer consisting of PS, higher transmittance is achieved by optical dilution of the photoactive components in thicker films. With this approach, ST-OSCs with varying photoactive layer thickness and PS content are investigated. An increase in domain sizes caused by PS is observed, which is however overcompensated by gaining higher average transmittance at larger film thicknesses, thereby boosting the LUE of the devices with a photoactive layer thickness exceeding 150 nm and yielding an optimal LUE at around 200 nm thick photoactive layer. As a final result, PTQ10:BTP-FTh:PS based ST-OSCs with 207nm thick photoactive layers are further optimized with solutions-processed silver nanowire electrodes and achieve up to 2.8% LUEP addressing potential agrivoltaic applications. Our proof-of-concept shows a promising way to overcome current limitations of thin-film ST-OSCs toward scalable future solar energy solutions.
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