Publication date: 22nd July 2026
In the progress towards all-perovskite tandem solar cells, significant effort is focused on optimizing half-tin-half-lead perovskites. However, their structure-property relationships remain underexplored, largely due to the difficulty in probing short- versus long-range ordering of tin and lead atoms in the lattice. The tin and lead arrangement has been suggested to impact defect density, oxidation resistance, and energy disorder, and has recently become a particularly hot topic, as many record-efficiency tin-lead solar cells have been reported to achieve high performance by mitigating clustering of lead and tin.[1-6] It thus deserves more attention. We investigate the presence of larger-scale lead and tin clusters in CsSnxPb1-xI3 through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Under a spatial resolution of ~120 nm, no significant heterogeneity is observed. To probe short-range order in the atomic lattice, we employ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) across the full compositional series from CsPbI3 to CsSnI3. 133Cs NMR indicates the formation of a fully mixed random solid solution, with neither nanoclustering nor global Pb-Sn ordering. Finally, we perform atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron diffraction on CsSn0.5Pb0.5I3 to discuss the absence of clustering and the potential presence of local regions of ordering in the Pb & Sn lattice sites.
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