Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Indoor photovoltaics are emerging as a promising power source for distributed electronics and Internet-of-Things devices. Compared to outdoor solar energy conversion, operation under artificial illumination imposes different requirements on photovoltaic materials, including suitable bandgaps, low non-radiative recombination losses, and efficient performance under low light intensities.1 While lead-halide perovskites have demonstrated outstanding efficiencies, the development of efficient and sustainable lead-free alternatives remains an important challenge.
In this talk, I will discuss our efforts to develop pnictogen-based perovskite-inspired semiconductors for indoor energy harvesting. Particular emphasis will be placed on understanding how composition, defect chemistry, and microstructure influence optoelectronic properties and device performance under indoor illumination. Through examples including vacancy-ordered and alloyed bismuth-based absorbers,2,3 A-site engineering,4 and related perovskite-inspired materials, I will show how compositional engineering can be used to tailor material properties and improve photovoltaic performance.
I will further demonstrate that thin-film formation and microstructure play a critical role in determining device efficiency, often becoming as important as the intrinsic properties of the absorber itself.5 These results highlight the importance of designing materials and processing strategies specifically for indoor operation rather than directly transferring concepts developed for conventional outdoor photovoltaics.
Finally, I will present recent advances in pnictogen-based indoor photovoltaic devices and discuss the lessons learned from translating materials optimization into device performance.6,7 Together, these studies highlight both the opportunities and the remaining challenges for pnictogen-based semiconductors in low-light energy harvesting and sustainable self-powered electronics.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101169056. The work is part of the Research Council of Finland Flagship Programme, Photonics Research and Innovation (PREIN), decision number 346511.
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