Publication date: 22nd July 2026
The performance and stability of metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSC) are ultimately defined by the complex electronic structure and chemistry of their buried interfaces. Despite rapid progress in device engineering, a fundamental understanding of how these interfaces form, transform, and govern charge transfer across organic and inorganic charge transport layers remains incomplete. Addressing this challenge requires a methodological shift toward comprehensive interface analytics that can correlate chemistry, energetics, and device functionality across multiple length and time scales.
In this talk, I present our approach to interface characterization in PSC, combining complementary spectroscopic and microscopic probes that span occupied and unoccupied electronic states as well as spatially resolved electrostatics. In particular, we use direct and inverse photoemission spectroscopy (UPS/XPS and IPES), hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES), and operando techniques such as photoluminescence mapping (PL), Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), and time-resolved spectroscopy to build a consistent picture of interfacial energetics and defect formation.
Rather than focusing on isolated material systems, this framework highlights how different interlayers, ranging from inorganic oxides to organic self-assembled monolayers and 2D/3D perovskite passivation layers,1,2 can be understood within a common analytical language. By probing how interfacial dipoles, band alignment, and chemical reactivity plays into layer deposition and device operation, we reveal general design rules for controlling charge extraction and suppressing recombination at buried interfaces.
This multi-modal perspective establishes interface analytics as a central tool for next-generation perovskite photovoltaics, enabling not only the diagnosis of degradation pathways but also the rational design of stable, energetically aligned contacts. Ultimately, bridging spectroscopy, microscopy, and operando measurements provides a pathway toward predictive control of interface physics in complex hybrid semiconductor systems.
1. N. Mallik, et al. EES Solar 2025, DOI: 10.1039/D5EL00044K
2. J. Hajhemati et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2025, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c18456
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