Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Tin-based perovskite solar cells have emerged as attractive lead-free alternatives to their lead-based counterparts due to their suitable optoelectronic properties and lower environmental impact. However, their development is still limited by the easy oxidation of Sn²⁺, high defect densities, severe non-radiative recombination, and poor operational stability[1], [2], [3].
In this work, sulfur-containing molecular additives are employed to improve the performance and stability of FASnI₃ perovskite solar cells. The interaction between sulfur functional groups and tin species modulates the crystallization process, suppresses defect formation, and reduces trap-assisted recombination. As a result, improved film morphology, enhanced charge-carrier dynamics, and lower non-radiative losses are achieved.
In addition to bulk defect passivation, the incorporation of sulfur-based molecules influences the energetic landscape at the perovskite interfaces, promoting more favorable energy-level alignment and more efficient charge extraction while suppressing interfacial recombination losses. These effects translate into improved photovoltaic performance and enhanced operational stability under continuous device operation.
This study demonstrates that sulfur-mediated molecular engineering represents an effective strategy to simultaneously control defects, reduce recombination losses, and optimize interfacial energetics in tin-based perovskites, providing new opportunities for the development of stable and environmentally benign lead-free perovskite solar cells.
This work was made possible by the SANTIAGO GRISOLIA under the project GRISOLIAP/2021/112 and also to the CIBEFP/2024/143 programs of the Valencian Community of Spain. We acknowledge the support of the Spanish MINECO through the project Nirvana (no. PID2020-119628RB-C31) by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Also, we acknowledge the financial support of Generalitat Valenciana through the CIDEGENT contracts (ref: CIDEGENT/2021/044 and CIDEXG/2022/34), CIAPOS 2022/018 grant. The work was partially funded by MCIN/AEI through project TED2021-131600B-C32 and grant CNS2023-144270 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 by “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”. Financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CEX2021-001230-S grant funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) is gratefully acknowledged.
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