Metal halide perovskite photovoltaics have rapidly approached the performance of established photovoltaic technologies; however, long-term operational stability and scalable manufacturing remain the major barriers to commercialization. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that combines materials engineering, interface optimization, and industrially compatible fabrication processes.

This presentation will discuss recent advances in the development of fully wet-processed perovskite photovoltaic devices fabricated under ambient conditions, with particular emphasis on strategies that simultaneously improve stability, manufacturability, and scalability. The optimization of the perovskite deposition process, guided by nucleation and crystal-growth control, enables the formation of homogeneous large-grain absorber layers suitable for large-area fabrication. Particular attention will be devoted to interface engineering in carbon-based architectures, where replacing conventional metal electrodes with low-temperature-processed carbon electrodes offers significant advantages in chemical stability, reduced degradation pathways, lower cost, and improved sustainability. The role of hole-selective and passivating interlayers in suppressing interfacial recombination, improving charge extraction, and enhancing long-term operational stability will be discussed.

Beyond cell-level optimization, the presentation will address the transition toward photovoltaic modules by considering laser patterning, interconnection losses, screen-printing processes, and industrial encapsulation approaches. Recent results demonstrate encouraging operational stability under continuous maximum power point tracking, damp-heat conditions, and outdoor testing, highlighting the potential of fully printed carbon-based perovskite photovoltaics for real-world applications. The scalability of the proposed approach is further demonstrated by the fabrication of a 600 cm² fully printed perovskite photovoltaic demonstrator, consisting of four carbon-based modules connected in series and manufactured using industrially compatible printing and lamination processes.

The results highlight how the combination of materials design, interface engineering, and scalable manufacturing technologies provides a viable pathway toward stable metal halide perovskite photovoltaics compatible with high-throughput industrial production. These advances help bridge the gap between laboratory-scale devices and commercially relevant perovskite photovoltaic modules for both outdoor and emerging indoor energy-harvesting applications.