Proceedings of MATSUS Fall 2026 Conference (MATSUSFall26)
Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Indoor perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising power sources for Internet-of-Things devices; however, operation under low-intensity LED illumination cannot be regarded as a simple extension of 1-sun conditions because both the reliability of photovoltaic characterization and the dominant physical processes governing device operation change significantly. Here, we systematically investigate how the transition from 1 sun to realistic indoor illumination affects photovoltaic characterization and device operation using n–i–p Cs₀.₀₅FA₀.₈₁MA₀.₁₄PbI₂.₅₅Br₀.₄₅ PSCs with systematically varied SnO₂ electron transport layers as a model system. We quantify uncertainties associated with spectroradiometer measurements and source-measure unit operation under low-photocurrent conditions and propose practical strategies for their identification and mitigation. Warm-white LEDs produce higher short-circuit current densities and reduced hysteresis than cool-white LEDs owing to their greater photon flux near the absorption maximum of this perovskite material. Lowering the illuminance from 1 sun to approximately 7000 lx improves the fill factor by reducing interfacial carrier accumulation. Below approximately 1000 lx, photocarrier densities become comparable to or lower than trap densities, resulting in trap-dominated transport, increased series resistance, enhanced hysteresis associated with slower ionic relaxation, deviations from logarithmic Voc-illuminance scaling, and nonlinear Jsc-illuminance behaviour. These results demonstrate that indoor illumination fundamentally alters both PSC operating physics and the interpretation of conventional photovoltaic characterization, providing practical guidance for the reliable evaluation and optimization of indoor perovskite solar cells.
This project is part of the IGEA and SPOT-IT projects, funded by the European Commission. Perplexity AI was used to refine the language of the article.
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