Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under operational conditions were first demonstrated 10 years ago using multilayered 2D perovskite phases with n = 3 or 4, where n represents the number of corner-sharing octahedra along the stacking axis (Tsai, Nature 2016). While 3D perovskites currently offer superior power conversion efficiencies and are candidates for tandem solar cell architectures with silicon, their stability remains a challenge.
Beyond classical passivation approaches, fabricating thick 2D/3D bilayer stacks using solvent engineering is a strategy to improve device stability (Sidhik, Science 2022). The proper selection of the 2D layer composition and thickness (n) allows for optimizing band alignment and carrier collection in these solar cell heterostructures. Additionally, using 2D pre-crystallized seeds is essential to control the growth of the thick 2D top layer. Applying the concept of lattice matching is crucial for empirically identifying perovskite combinations and predicting the formation of thick continuous (Sidhik, Science 2022) or nanostructured (Jiang, Nature Synthesis 2026) layers. This concept was adapted in 2018 to halide perovskites, inspired by the epitaxial growth of conventional semiconductors, by introducing a linear-quadratic coupling between strain and octahedra rotations in the mechanical free energy expansion (Kepenekian, Nano Letters 2018).
These three combined approaches (solvent engineering, seeds, and lattice matching) have also been used to incorporate nanodomains inside the FAPbI₃ perovskite matrix. This recently led to record stability for pure FAPbI₃ solar cells by properly choosing a 2D n = 2 perovskite template to block the phase reconstruction to the yellow phase of FAPbI₃ (Sidhik, Science 2024). More recently, the metastable black phase of FAPbI₃ at room temperature was definitively turned into a stable phase by bypassing the classical degradation pathway to the 2H-PbI₂ phase through chlorine incorporation (Garai, Science 2026).
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