Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Socketing refers to the embedment of a metal particle on an oxide surface, and it is known to be correlated with decreased particle coarsening. The phenomenon is the result of a thermodynamic balance of interface and surface energies and is not directly linked with the mechanism of particle formation. Examples are discussed for nickel in two oxide systems, yttria stabilized zirconia and yttrium doped barium zirconate (BZY). For BZY, socketing is shown to occur for exsolved particles and for those formed by dewetting a film of nickel. However, exsolved particles form with a highly specific interface orientation relationship, compared with particles formed from dewetting, likely imparting superior coarsening resistance.
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