Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Carbon electrodes offer a compelling combination of low cost, chemical stability, and metal-free processing for photovoltaics and printed electronic devices, but realizing their potential requires fabrication methods that can match the pace of modern materials discovery. In this talk, I will present our work on printing as a platform for high throughput fabrication of carbon electrodes, tracing a progression from rapid screening of printed films through conformal printing on complex geometries to fully autonomous roll-to-roll manufacturing.
First, I will show how printing enables high throughput fabrication in its own right. By exploiting the speed and programmability of printing processes, we generate large libraries of carbon electrode films with systematically varied compositions and deposition parameters, allowing structure, processing, and property relationships to be mapped far faster than conventional one-at-a-time fabrication permits.
Second, I will present our development of conformally printed carbon electrodes. Moving beyond flat substrates, we demonstrate printing strategies that deposit uniform, well-adhered carbon films onto curved and textured surfaces, opening a route to electrodes for non-planar device architectures while preserving the throughput advantages of printing.
Finally, I will describe how we have coupled self-driving laboratories with roll-to-roll processing. Closed-loop optimization, combining automated experimentation with machine learning driven experiment selection, is used to navigate the coupled formulation and processing parameter space of continuous coating, and I will share carbon electrode demonstrations in which this approach substantially compressed the optimization timeline while producing manufacturable films.
Together, these results position printing not merely as a scalable deposition method but as an engine for accelerated development, and point towards a workflow in which discovery, optimization, and manufacturing of functional electrodes proceed as a single continuous process.
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