Publication date: 22nd July 2026
Monitoring the thermal history of perishable food products along the cold chain is critical to guarantee quality and safety for consumers. Time-temperature integrators (TTIs) offer solutions to guarantee cold chain efficiency, improve safety, and reduce food waste. Here, we present a sustainable TTI device based on the irreversible dehydration of a hydrogel, made of reduced graphene oxide and PEDOT:PSS, when exposed to varying environmental conditions. Dehydration kinetics of the hydrogel are investigated over a range of temperatures and relative humidity relevant to food-storage applications. The TTI response is quantified by the mass loss evolution which is interpreted by means of a kinetic model leveraging the initial hydrogel mass, the temperature and the relative humidity. The Arrhenius-like energy barrier is greater than the water binding enthalpy within the hydrogel, and the dehydration rate of the TTI device is finely tuned through the initial mass to mimic the microbial growth curve on fresh sea bream fillet. Deviations of the TTI from its evolution upon optimum conditions reveal the occurrence of a breach in the cold chain. We demonstrate that it is possible to translate the TTI assessment on a smartphone by imaging the evolution of shrinking of the projected area.
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