Efficient and stable organic indoor PV cells and modules fully air processed using S2S slot-die technique
Eswaran Jayaraman a b, Madiha Musheer a b, Fathimath Faseela a b, Thamiris Cescon dos Santos c, Ndeye Bineta Ba c, Igor Tenório Soares c, Orisson Ponce Gomes c, Didier Bégué c, Roger C. Hiorns c, Morten Madsen a b
a SDU Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin-film Energy Devices (CAPE), Mads Clausen Institute (MCI), Sønderborg 6400, Denmark
b SDU Climate Cluster (SCC), Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
c CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Institut des Science Analytiques et Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Materiaux, Pau, France
Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MATSUS)
Proceedings of MATSUS Fall 2026 Conference (MATSUSFall26)
D2 Functional Materials for Emerging Photovoltaics: from Everyday Integration to Extreme Environments
Palma, Spain, 2026 October 26th - 30th
Organizers: Jessica Barichello, Stefania Cacovich and Fabio Matteocci
Poster, Eswaran Jayaraman, 507
Publication date: 22nd July 2026

Indoor PV devices are becoming essential due to the rapid increase in the number of low-power electronic devices, and the batteries powering them are increasingly inconvenient, expensive, and an environmental hazard[1]. Organic PV devices are seen as one of the primary technologies that could potentially fill the void, given recent developments in which the PCE has reached ~30% at 1000 lux input power with an extrapolated stability of 30000 hours, in laboratory[2]. However, these high-PCE and stable devices are not readily transferable to industrial processes, as they use chlorinated solvents, require processing in a controlled inert atmosphere, and rely on spin-coating methods that are incompatible in industry.

We addressed some industry requirements by developing organic PV cells and mini-modules processed in air using an industry-friendly sheet-to-sheet (S2S) slot-die technique with green solvents. As a cost-effective material solution, PTQ10:FFC-Cl was used as the photoactive layer, and PEDOT:PSS was used as the back electrode. The photoactive layer thickness was optimized to improve the PCE by increasing the shunt resistance through a thick (~400 nm) layer. The PV cells developed with an active area of 13.75 mm2 square achieved remarkable PCEs of 22.60 % under warm white LED (2100 K), 20.66 % under neutral white LED (4000 K), and 20.16 % under cool white LED light (6000 K), respectively. Additionally, the developed cells showed a remarkable PCE of 18.64 % under very low lux (50 lux, 4000 K). Further improvement came when a polymer ‘material-x’ was introduced as an ETL modification layer. These cells showed very stable performance when stressed under 1000 lux neutral white LED for 600 hr. Furthermore, to demonstrate scalability, mini-modules with an active area of ~15 cm2 were developed on rigid glass and flexible PET substrates as well (Figure 1). These modules showed PCEs of 19.24 % on glass and 15.66  % on PET under 1000 lux 2700 K LED lamp, respectively.

We acknowledge the Horizon Europe Innovation Actions programme for providing funding under the EFFECTOR project, Grant Agreement No. 101172820.

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