Publication date: 16th July 2025
Further improvements of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) require a deeper understanding of their main power loss mechanisms, namely inefficient charge carrier extraction through the low-mobility transport layers and non-radiative recombination mediated by defects at the interfaces of the device. The response of these processes are generally difficult to isolate in typical characterization measurements, due to overlapping signals from several other mechanisms. Therefore, advanced models are required that discriminate between these processes and allow determining the key device parameters associated with these loss mechanisms. In this regard, we develop an advanced model of the perovskite solar cell that explicitly accounts for the non-ideal charge carrier extraction due to the transport layers, and its impact on recombination in the perovskite absorber. This model is applied to the case of small-perturbation optoelectronic measurements in the frequency domain (intensity-modulated photocurrent (IMPS) and photovoltage (IIMVS) spectroscopy) that are widely used to characterize PSCs. We show the predicted evolution of the typical spectra as a function of DC parameters such as light intensity and external voltage, while also identifying the underlying mechanisms that generate the characteristic time constants observed in these measurements. We further incorporate the developed model with the diffusion-recombination model in a unified framework, identifying that the transport layers behave as a voltage-dependent resistance and that an equivalent circuit can only be defined at open-circuit conditions. These insights are applied to experimental IMPS and IMVS measurements of a perovskite solar cell, identifying the significant impact of the transport layers on charge extraction and recombination in the device.
S.R. acknowledges funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – project number 539945054.
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