Publication date: 16th July 2025
Over relatively short period of time perovskite solar cell (PSC) efficiency skyrocketed from 3.8 % to 27 % in terms of power conversion efficiency. Despite these gains in performance stability issues still persist holding the technology back from wide scale commercial application. Recently more and more articles are being published demonstrating increased longevity of devices through perovskite surface defect passivation, however most of the materials used for passivation appear once and then disappear into the scientific void never to be heard from again. Furthermore, application of said passivators varies in deposition conditions, perovskite composition and device architecture without any clear indication why the conditions were chosen as they were. In this work four carbazole based quaternary ammonium salts and their effect on perovskite photophysical and structural properties are studied while also varying deposition conditions for the purpose of perovskite surface passivation are evaluated. In order to better understand the interactions between perovskite surface and materials used for passivation it is necessary to discuss about the discrepancies that arise between photoluminescence, time resolved photoluminescence, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements which might lead to misinterpretation on the effectiveness of the material used for passivation.
This research was funded by the Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT), agreement no. P-PD-23-035.
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