Publication date: 16th July 2025
Organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention in recent years for use as light-absorbing layers in photovoltaics. The interest of these materials stems from their remarkable properties, such as high absorption coefficient, long diffusion lengths, low effective masses for both electrons and holes, ambipolar charge transport, and ease of fabrication through solution-based processes [1]. The lead halide perovskites typically have the chemical formula APbX3, where A represents an organic cation and X is a halide ion—chloride (Cl), bromide (Br), or iodide (I) [2], [3]. Among the A-site candidates, methylammonium (MA) and formamidinium (FA) are the most commonly investigated [3]. Despite their promising properties, stability remains a major challenge for these materials. Notably, the ionization energy of the A-site cation is considered a factor to form highly stable hybrid lead halide perovskites [1], [4]. The aziridinium (Azr) cation has been proposed as a potential A-site candidate due to its low ionization energy, small effective ionic radius, and a tolerance factor that falls within the acceptable range for forming an ideal cubic perovskite structure [4]. Recently, aziridinium lead halides (AzrPbX3) have been successfully synthesized in single crystals by vapor diffusion. These studies demonstrated that aziridinium lead iodide (AzrPbI3) exhibits a suitable optical bandgap of 1.52 eV as a potential light absorber [2], [3], [5]. However, there are currently insufficient reports and the deposition of AzrPbI3 thin films is on challenge.
In this work, we successfully synthesized AzrPbI3 polycrystalline powder, obtained thin film on glass substrate using vapor-assisted solution process, and then investigated their fundamental material properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our AzrPbI3 thin film presents 1.49 eV which has a large potential to apply on photovoltaic device fabrication.
W.A acknowledges the support of Thai Government (GovernmentScience and Technology Scholarship).
Y.U.J, N.B, and D.C.L acknowledge the support of DFG project number 424708448.
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