Publication date: 16th July 2025
Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) enable simultaneous light transmission and energy generation, making them ideal for applications such as building-integrated photovoltaics and tandem devices. A key challenge in these devices is achieving a balance between optical transparency and efficient charge extraction. The interface between the perovskite absorber and the electron transport layer plays a crucial role in determining the overall device performance. A bilayer ETL design has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance charge extraction and suppress carrier recombination losses at this interface. In this work, we investigated a bilayer electron transport layer (ETL) composed of RF-sputtered titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO), with optimized thicknesses designed to enhance both the optoelectronic properties and the transparency of the device. The wide-bandgap perovskite absorber layer CsPbBr₃, along with a NiO hole transport layer (HTL), was deposited using electron beam evaporation, ensuring high uniformity and reproducibility. To complete the semi-transparent structure, RF-sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) was employed as the transparent top electrode. The TiO₂/AZO bilayer ETL effectively improves light transmittance while simultaneously suppressing interfacial recombination losses, leading to enhanced charge transport and reduced energy losses. As a result, the optimized ST-PSCs exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 8.37 % , and an average visible transmittance (AVT) of approximately 40%. The device exhibits excellent operational stability under continuous illumination. This study presents a fully vacuum-based, scalable fabrication strategy for efficient and stable semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaics, highlighting the potential of bilayer ETL engineering for next-generation optoelectronic applications.
NC acknowledges the financial support from DST-INSPIRE, Government of India, and DAAD for enabling my doctoral research and international research support in Germany.
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