Publication date: 16th July 2025
Pb-based perovskite solar cells exhibit remarkable optoelectronic properties; however, ion migration introduces a significant challenge in metal halide perovskites, contributing to device instability and degradation despite notable advancements in efficiency. Although ion migration in Pb-based systems has been extensively studied and well-characterized [1–3], comparable investigations into Sn-based perovskites remain limited and underexplored.
In this work, we systematically identified and compared the nature of mobile ions in Sn-based, Pb-based, and mixed Pb–Sn perovskite solar cells using Fast Hysteresis measurements, Bias-Assisted Charge Extraction, and dynamic voltage-dependent photoluminescence. Our findings show that Pb-based perovskites exhibit high mobile ion concentrations exceeding 10¹⁷ cm⁻³. Surprisingly, FASnI₃ solar cells fabricated without DMSO demonstrate an ion density almost ten times lower.
Moreover, Sn-based perovskite films prepared without DMSO exhibited remarkable long-term stability under continuous 1-sun illumination in photoluminescence studies, which we attribute to their inherently lower ion density and minimized ionic loss. Overall, this study provides new insights into ion migration behaviour in Sn-based perovskites and presents a promising strategy for developing next-generation, stable thin-film solar cells with suppressed ion migration.
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